9 SWIG library

To help build extension modules, SWIG is packaged with a library of support files that you can include in your own interfaces. These files often define new SWIG directives or provide utility functions that can be used to access parts of the standard C and C++ libraries. This chapter provides a reference to the current set of supported library files.

Compatibility note: Older versions of SWIG included a number of library files for manipulating pointers, arrays, and other structures. Most these files are now deprecated and have been removed from the distribution. Alternative libraries provide similar functionality. Please read this chapter carefully if you used the old libraries.

9.1 The %include directive and library search path

Library files are included using the %include directive. When searching for files, directories are searched in the following order:

1. The current directory
2. Directories specified with the -I command line option
3. ./swig_lib
4. SWIG library install location as reported by swig -swiglib, for example /usr/local/share/swig/1.3.30
5. On Windows, a directory Lib relative to the location of swig.exe is also searched.

Within directories mentioned in points 3-5, SWIG first looks for a subdirectory corresponding to a target language (e.g., python, tcl, etc.). If found, SWIG will search the language specific directory first. This allows for language-specific implementations of library files.

You can ignore the installed SWIG library by setting the SWIG_LIB environment variable. Set the environment variable to hold an alternative library directory.

The directories that are searched are displayed when using -verbose commandline option.

9.2 C Arrays and Pointers

This section describes library modules for manipulating low-level C arrays and pointers. The primary use of these modules is in supporting C declarations that manipulate bare pointers such as int *, double *, or void *. The modules can be used to allocate memory, manufacture pointers, dereference memory, and wrap pointers as class-like objects. Since these functions provide direct access to memory, their use is potentially unsafe and you should exercise caution.

9.2.1 cpointer.i

The cpointer.i module defines macros that can be used to used to generate wrappers around simple C pointers. The primary use of this module is in generating pointers to primitive datatypes such as int and double.

%pointer_functions(type,name)

%module example
%include "cpointer.i"

/* Create some functions for working with "int *" */
%pointer_functions(int, intp);

/* A function that uses an "int *" */
void add(int x, int y, int *result);

>>> import example
>>> c = example.new_intp()     # Create an "int" for storing result
>>> example.add(3,4,c)         # Call function
>>> example.intp_value(c)      # Dereference
7
>>> example.delete_intp(c)     # Delete

%pointer_class(type,name)

struct name {
   name();                            // Create pointer object
  ~name();                            // Delete pointer object
   void assign(type value);           // Assign value
   type value();                      // Get value
   type *cast();                      // Cast the pointer to original type
   static name *frompointer(type *);  // Create class wrapper from existing
                                      // pointer
};

%module example
%include "cpointer.i"

/* Wrap a class interface around an "int *" */
%pointer_class(int, intp);

/* A function that uses an "int *" */
void add(int x, int y, int *result);

>>> import example
>>> c = example.intp()         # Create an "int" for storing result
>>> example.add(3,4,c)         # Call function
>>> c.value()                  # Dereference
7

%pointer_cast(type1, type2, name)

%pointer_cast(int *, unsigned int *, int_to_uint);

Note: None of these macros can be used to safely work with strings (char * or char **).

Note: When working with simple pointers, typemaps can often be used to provide more seamless operation.

9.2.2 carrays.i

This module defines macros that assist in wrapping ordinary C pointers as arrays. The module does not provide any safety or an extra layer of wrapping--it merely provides functionality for creating, destroying, and modifying the contents of raw C array data.

%array_functions(type,name)

void print_array(double x[10]) {
   int i;
   for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
      printf("[%d] = %g\n", i, x[i]);
   }
}

%module example

%include "carrays.i"
%array_functions(double, doubleArray);

void print_array(double x[10]);

a = new_doubleArray(10)           # Create an array
for i in range(0,10):
    doubleArray_setitem(a,i,2*i)  # Set a value
print_array(a)                    # Pass to C
delete_doubleArray(a)             # Destroy array

%array_class(type,name)

struct name {
   name(int nelements);                  // Create an array
  ~name();                               // Delete array
   type getitem(int index);              // Return item
   void setitem(int index, type value);  // Set item
   type *cast();                         // Cast to original type
   static name *frompointer(type *);     // Create class wrapper from
                                         // existing pointer
};

%module example
%include "carrays.i"
%array_class(double, doubleArray);

void print_array(double x[10]);

import example
c = example.doubleArray(10)  # Create double[10]
for i in range(0,10):
    c[i] = 2*i               # Assign values
example.print_array(c)       # Pass to C

Note: These macros do not encapsulate C arrays inside a special data structure or proxy. There is no bounds checking or safety of any kind. If you want this, you should consider using a special array object rather than a bare pointer.

Note: %array_functions() and %array_class() should not be used with types of char or char *.

9.2.3 cmalloc.i

This module defines macros for wrapping the low-level C memory allocation functions malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), and free().

%malloc(type [,name=type])

type *malloc_name(int nbytes = sizeof(type));

%calloc(type [,name=type])

type *calloc_name(int nobj =1, int sz = sizeof(type));

%realloc(type [,name=type])

type *realloc_name(type *ptr, int nitems);

%free(type [,name=type])

void free_name(type *ptr);

%sizeof(type [,name=type])

%constant int sizeof_name = sizeof(type);

%allocators(type [,name=type])

Here is a simple example that illustrates the use of these macros:

// SWIG interface
%module example
%include "cmalloc.i"

%malloc(int);
%free(int);

%malloc(int *, intp);
%free(int *, intp);

%allocators(double);

Now, in a script:

>>> from example import *
>>> a = malloc_int()
>>> a
'_000efa70_p_int'
>>> free_int(a)
>>> b = malloc_intp()
>>> b
'_000efb20_p_p_int'
>>> free_intp(b)
>>> c = calloc_double(50)
>>> c
'_000fab98_p_double'
>>> c = realloc_double(100000)
>>> free_double(c)
>>> print sizeof_double
8
>>>

9.2.4 cdata.i

The cdata.i module defines functions for converting raw C data to and from strings in the target language. The primary applications of this module would be packing/unpacking of binary data structures---for instance, if you needed to extract data from a buffer. The target language must support strings with embedded binary data in order for this to work.

const char *cdata(void *ptr, size_t nbytes)

void memmove(void *ptr, const char *s)

One use of these functions is packing and unpacking data from memory. Here is a short example:

// SWIG interface
%module example
%include "carrays.i"
%include "cdata.i"

%array_class(int, intArray);

Python example:

>>> a = intArray(10)
>>> for i in range(0,10):
...    a[i] = i
>>> b = cdata(a,40)
>>> b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x04
\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00\t'
>>> c = intArray(10)
>>> memmove(c,b)
>>> print c[4]
4
>>>

Since the size of data is not always known, the following macro is also defined:

%cdata(type [,name=type])

char *cdata_name(type* ptr, int nitems)

Note: These functions provide direct access to memory and can be used to overwrite data. Clearly they are unsafe.

9.3 C String Handling

A common problem when working with C programs is dealing with functions that manipulate raw character data using char *. In part, problems arise because there are different interpretations of char *---it could be a NULL-terminated string or it could point to binary data. Moreover, functions that manipulate raw strings may mutate data, perform implicit memory allocations, or utilize fixed-sized buffers.

The problems (and perils) of using char * are well-known. However, SWIG is not in the business of enforcing morality. The modules in this section provide basic functionality for manipulating raw C strings.

9.3.1 Default string handling

Suppose you have a C function with this prototype:

char *foo(char *s);

The default wrapping behavior for this function is to set s to a raw char * that refers to the internal string data in the target language. In other words, if you were using a language like Tcl, and you wrote this,

% foo Hello

then s would point to the representation of "Hello" inside the Tcl interpreter. When returning a char *, SWIG assumes that it is a NULL-terminated string and makes a copy of it. This gives the target language its own copy of the result.

There are obvious problems with the default behavior. First, since a char * argument points to data inside the target language, it is NOT safe for a function to modify this data (doing so may corrupt the interpreter and lead to a crash). Furthermore, the default behavior does not work well with binary data. Instead, strings are assumed to be NULL-terminated.

9.3.2 Passing binary data

If you have a function that expects binary data,

size_t parity(char *str, size_t len, size_t initial);

you can wrap the parameters (char *str, size_t len) as a single argument using a typemap. Just do this:

%apply (char *STRING, size_t LENGTH) { (char *str, size_t len) };
...
size_t parity(char *str, size_t len, size_t initial);

Now, in the target language, you can use binary string data like this:

>>> s = "H\x00\x15eg\x09\x20"
>>> parity(s,0)

In the wrapper function, the passed string will be expanded to a pointer and length parameter. The (char *STRING, int LENGTH) multi-argument typemap is also available in addition to (char *STRING, size_t LENGTH).

9.3.3 Using %newobject to release memory

If you have a function that allocates memory like this,

char *foo() {
   char *result = (char *) malloc(...);
   ...
   return result;
}

then the SWIG generated wrappers will have a memory leak--the returned data will be copied into a string object and the old contents ignored.

To fix the memory leak, use the %newobject directive.

%newobject foo;
...
char *foo();

This will release the result if the appropriate target language support is available. SWIG provides the appropriate "newfree" typemap for char * so that the memory is released, however, you may need to provide your own "newfree" typemap for other types. See Object ownership and %newobject for more details.

9.3.4 cstring.i

The cstring.i library file provides a collection of macros for dealing with functions that either mutate string arguments or which try to output string data through their arguments. An example of such a function might be this rather questionable implementation:

void get_path(char *s) {
    // Potential buffer overflow---uh, oh.
    sprintf(s,"%s/%s", base_directory, sub_directory);
}
...
// Somewhere else in the C program
{
    char path[1024];
    ...
    get_path(path);
    ...
}

(Off topic rant: If your program really has functions like this, you would be well-advised to replace them with safer alternatives involving bounds checking).

The macros defined in this module all expand to various combinations of typemaps. Therefore, the same pattern matching rules and ideas apply.

%cstring_bounded_output(parm, maxsize)

%cstring_bounded_output(char *path, 1024);
...
void get_path(char *path);

>>> get_path()
/home/beazley/packages/Foo/Bar
>>>

%cstring_chunk_output(parm, chunksize)

%cstring_chunk_output(char *packet, PACKETSIZE);
...
void get_packet(char *packet);

>>> get_packet()
'\xa9Y:\xf6\xd7\xe1\x87\xdbH;y\x97\x7f\xd3\x99\x14V\xec\x06\xea\xa2\x88'
>>>

%cstring_bounded_mutable(parm, maxsize)

%cstring_bounded_mutable(char *ustr, 1024);
...
void make_upper(char *ustr);

>>> make_upper("hello world")
'HELLO WORLD'
>>>

%cstring_mutable(parm [, expansion])

%cstring_mutable(char *ustr);
...
void make_upper(char *ustr);

%cstring_mutable(char *hstr, HEADER_SIZE);
...
void attach_header(char *hstr);

>>> make_upper("hello world")
'HELLO WORLD'
>>> attach_header("Hello world")
'header: Hello world'
>>>

%cstring_output_maxsize(parm, maxparm)

%cstring_output_maxsize(char *path, int maxpath);
...
void get_path(char *path, int maxpath);

>>> get_path(1024)
'/home/beazley/Packages/Foo/Bar'
>>>

%cstring_output_withsize(parm, maxparm)

%cstring_output_withsize(char *data, int *maxdata);
...
void get_data(char *data, int *maxdata);

>>> get_data(1024)
'x627388912'
>>> get_data(1024)
'xyzzy'
>>>

%cstring_output_allocate(parm, release)

void foo(char **s) {
    *s = (char *) malloc(64);
    sprintf(*s, "Hello world\n");
}

%cstring_output_allocate(char **s, free(*$1));
...
void foo(char **s);

>>> foo()
'Hello world\n'
>>>

%cstring_output_allocate_size(parm, szparm, release)

void foo(char **s, int *sz) {
    *s = (char *) malloc(64);
    *sz = 64;
    // Write some binary data
    ...
}

%cstring_output_allocate_size(char **s, int *slen, free(*$1));
...
void foo(char **s, int *slen);

>>> foo()
'\xa9Y:\xf6\xd7\xe1\x87\xdbH;y\x97\x7f\xd3\x99\x14V\xec\x06\xea\xa2\x88'
>>>

char  *get_data(int *len);

void my_get_data(char **result, int *len) {
   *result = get_data(len);
}

Comments:

• Support for the cstring.i module depends on the target language. Not all SWIG modules currently support this library.
• Reliable handling of raw C strings is a delicate topic. There are many ways to accomplish this in SWIG. This library provides support for a few common techniques.
• If used in C++, this library uses new and delete [] for memory allocation. If using ANSI C, the library uses malloc() and free().
• Rather than manipulating char * directly, you might consider using a special string structure or class instead.

9.4 STL/C++ Library

The library modules in this section provide access to parts of the standard C++ library including the STL. SWIG support for the STL is an ongoing effort. Support is quite comprehensive for some language modules but some of the lesser used modules do not have quite as much library code written.

The following table shows which C++ classes are supported and the equivalent SWIG interface library file for the C++ library.

The list is by no means complete; some language modules support a subset of the above and some support additional STL classes. Please look for the library files in the appropriate language library directory.

9.4.1 std::string

The std_string.i library provides typemaps for converting C++ std::string objects to and from strings in the target scripting language. For example:

%module example
%include "std_string.i"

std::string foo();
void        bar(const std::string &x);

In the target language:

x = foo();                # Returns a string object
bar("Hello World");       # Pass string as std::string

A common problem that people encounter is that of classes/structures containing a std::string. This can be overcome by defining a typemap. For example:

%module example
%include "std_string.i"

%apply const std::string& {std::string* foo};

struct my_struct
{
  std::string foo;
};

In the target language:

x = my_struct();
x.foo="Hello World";      # assign with string
print x.foo;              # print as string

This module only supports types std::string and const std::string &. Pointers and non-const references are left unmodified and returned as SWIG pointers.

This library file is fully aware of C++ namespaces. If you export std::string or rename it with a typedef, make sure you include those declarations in your interface. For example:

%module example
%include "std_string.i"

using namespace std;
typedef std::string String;
...
void foo(string s, const String &t);     // std_string typemaps still applied

9.4.2 std::vector

The std_vector.i library provides support for the C++ std::vector class in the STL. Using this library involves the use of the %template directive. All you need to do is to instantiate different versions of vector for the types that you want to use. For example:

%module example
%include "std_vector.i"

namespace std {
   %template(vectori) vector<int>;
   %template(vectord) vector<double>;
};

When a template vector<X> is instantiated a number of things happen:

• A class that exposes the C++ API is created in the target language . This can be used to create objects, invoke methods, etc. This class is currently a subset of the real STL vector class.
• Input typemaps are defined for vector<X>, const vector<X> &, and const vector<X> *. For each of these, a pointer vector<X> * may be passed or a native list object in the target language.
• An output typemap is defined for vector<X>. In this case, the values in the vector are expanded into a list object in the target language.
• For all other variations of the type, the wrappers expect to receive a vector<X> * object in the usual manner.
• An exception handler for std::out_of_range is defined.
• Optionally, special methods for indexing, item retrieval, slicing, and element assignment may be defined. This depends on the target language.

To illustrate the use of this library, consider the following functions:

/* File : example.h */

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <numeric>

double average(std::vector<int> v) {
    return std::accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(),0.0)/v.size();
}

std::vector<double> half(const std::vector<double>& v) {
    std::vector<double> w(v);
    for (unsigned int i=0; i<w.size(); i++)
        w[i] /= 2.0;
    return w;
}

void halve_in_place(std::vector<double>& v) {
    std::transform(v.begin(),v.end(),v.begin(),
                   std::bind2nd(std::divides<double>(),2.0));
}

To wrap with SWIG, you might write the following:

%module example
%{
#include "example.h"
%}

%include "std_vector.i"
// Instantiate templates used by example
namespace std {
   %template(IntVector) vector<int>;
   %template(DoubleVector) vector<double>;
}

// Include the header file with above prototypes
%include "example.h"

Now, to illustrate the behavior in the scripting interpreter, consider this Python example:

>>> from example import *
>>> iv = IntVector(4)         # Create an vector<int>
>>> for i in range(0,4):
...      iv[i] = i
>>> average(iv)               # Call method
1.5
>>> average([0,1,2,3])        # Call with list
1.5
>>> half([1,2,3])             # Half a list
(0.5,1.0,1.5)
>>> halve_in_place([1,2,3])   # Oops
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: Type error. Expected _p_std__vectorTdouble_t
>>> dv = DoubleVector(4)
>>> for i in range(0,4):
...       dv[i] = i
>>> halve_in_place(dv)       # Ok
>>> for i in dv:
...       print i
...
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
>>> dv[20] = 4.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
  File "example.py", line 81, in __setitem__
    def __setitem__(*args): return apply(examplec.DoubleVector___setitem__,args)
IndexError: vector index out of range
>>>

This library module is fully aware of C++ namespaces. If you use vectors with other names, make sure you include the appropriate using or typedef directives. For example:

%include "std_vector.i"

namespace std {
    %template(IntVector) vector<int>;
}

using namespace std;
typedef std::vector Vector;

void foo(vector<int> *x, const Vector &x);

Note: This module makes use of several advanced SWIG features including templatized typemaps and template partial specialization. If you are trying to wrap other C++ code with templates, you might look at the code contained in std_vector.i. Alternatively, you can show them the code if you want to make their head explode.

Note: This module is defined for all SWIG target languages. However argument conversion details and the public API exposed to the interpreter vary.

9.4.3 STL exceptions

Many of the STL wrapper functions add parameter checking and will throw a language dependent error/exception should the values not be valid. The classic example is array bounds checking. The library wrappers are written to throw a C++ exception in the case of error. The C++ exception in turn gets converted into an appropriate error/exception for the target language. By and large this handling should not need customising, however, customisation can easily be achieved by supplying appropriate "throws" typemaps. For example:

%module example
%include "std_vector.i"
%typemap(throws) std::out_of_range {
  // custom exception handler
}
%template(VectInt) std::vector<int>;

The custom exception handler might, for example, log the exception then convert it into a specific error/exception for the target language.

When using the STL it is advisable to add in an exception handler to catch all STL exceptions. The %exception directive can be used by placing the following code before any other methods or libraries to be wrapped:

%include "exception.i"

%exception {
  try {
    $action
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    SWIG_exception(SWIG_RuntimeError, e.what());
  }
}

Any thrown STL exceptions will then be gracefully handled instead of causing a crash.

9.4.4 shared_ptr smart pointer

Some target languages have support for handling the shared_ptr reference counted smart pointer. This smart pointer is available in the standard C++11 library as std::shared_ptr. It was also in TR1 as std::tr1::shared_ptr before it was fully standardized. Support for the widely used boost::shared_ptr is also available.

In order to use std::shared_ptr, the std_shared_ptr.i library file should be included:

%include <std_shared_ptr.i>

The pre-standard std::tr1::shared_ptr can be used by including the following macro before including the std_shared_ptr.i library file:

#define SWIG_SHARED_PTR_SUBNAMESPACE tr1
%include <std_shared_ptr.i>

In order to use boost::shared_ptr, the boost_shared_ptr.i library file should be included:

%include <boost_shared_ptr.i>

You can only use one of these variants of shared_ptr in your interface file at a time. and all three variants must be used in conjunction with the %shared_ptr(T) macro, where T is the underlying pointer type equating to usage shared_ptr<T>. The type T must be non-primitive. A simple example demonstrates usage:

%module example
%include <boost_shared_ptr.i>
%shared_ptr(IntValue)

%inline %{
#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>

struct IntValue {
  int value;
  IntValue(int v) : value(v) {}
};

static int extractValue(const IntValue &t) {
  return t.value;
}

static int extractValueSmart(boost::shared_ptr<IntValue> t) {
  return t->value;
}
%}

Note that the %shared_ptr(IntValue) declaration occurs after the inclusion of the boost_shared_ptr.i library which provides the macro and, very importantly, before any usage or declaration of the type, IntValue. The %shared_ptr macro provides, a few things for handling this smart pointer, but mostly a number of typemaps. These typemaps override the default typemaps so that the underlying proxy class is stored and passed around as a pointer to a shared_ptr instead of a plain pointer to the underlying type. This approach means that any instantiation of the type can be passed to methods taking the type by value, reference, pointer or as a smart pointer. The interested reader might want to look at the generated code, however, usage is simple and no different handling is required from the target language. For example, a simple use case of the above code from Java would be:

IntValue iv = new IntValue(1234);
int val1 = example.extractValue(iv);
int val2 = example.extractValueSmart(iv);
System.out.println(val1 + " " + val2);

This shared_ptr library works quite differently to SWIG's normal, but somewhat limited, smart pointer handling. The shared_ptr library does not generate extra wrappers, just for smart pointer handling, in addition to the proxy class. The normal proxy class including inheritance relationships is generated as usual. The only real change introduced by the %shared_ptr macro is that the proxy class stores a pointer to the shared_ptr instance instead of a raw pointer to the instance. A proxy class derived from a base which is being wrapped with shared_ptr can and must be wrapped as a shared_ptr too. In other words all classes in an inheritance hierarchy must all be used with the %shared_ptr macro. For example the following code can be used with the base class shown earlier:

%shared_ptr(DerivedIntValue)
%inline %{
struct DerivedIntValue : IntValue {
  DerivedIntValue(int value) : IntValue(value) {}
  ...
};
%}

A shared_ptr of the derived class can now be passed to a method where the base is expected in the target language, just as it can in C++:

DerivedIntValue div = new DerivedIntValue(5678);
int val3 = example.extractValue(div);
int val4 = example.extractValueSmart(div);

If the %shared_ptr macro is omitted for any class in the inheritance hierarchy, SWIG will warn about this and the generated code may or may not result in a C++ compilation error. For example, the following input:

%include "boost_shared_ptr.i"
%shared_ptr(Parent);

%inline %{
  #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
  struct GrandParent {
    virtual ~GrandParent() {}
  };

  struct Parent : GrandParent {
    virtual ~Parent() {}
  };

  struct Child : Parent {
    virtual ~Child() {}
  };
%}

warns about the missing smart pointer information:

example.i:12: Warning 520: Base class 'GrandParent' of 'Parent' is not similarly marked as a smart pointer.
example.i:16: Warning 520: Derived class 'Child' of 'Parent' is not similarly marked as a smart pointer.

Adding the missing %shared_ptr macros will fix this:

%include "boost_shared_ptr.i"
%shared_ptr(GrandParent);
%shared_ptr(Parent);
%shared_ptr(Child);

... as before ...

Note: There is somewhat limited support for %shared_ptr and the director feature and the degress of success varies among the different target languages. Please help to improve this support by providing patches with improvements.

9.4.5 auto_ptr smart pointer

While std::auto_ptr is deprecated in C++11, some existing code may still be using it, so SWIG provides limited support for this class: std_auto_ptr.i defines the typemaps which apply to the functions returning objects of this type. Any other use of std_auto_ptr.i is not directly supported.

A typical example of use would be

%include <std_auto_ptr.i>

%auto_ptr(Klass)
%inline %{
class Klass {
public:
  // Factory function creating objects of this class:
  static std::auto_ptr<Klass> Create(int value) {
    return std::auto_ptr<Klass>(new Klass(value));
  }

  int getValue() const { return m_value; }

private:
  DerivedIntValue(int value) : m_value(value) {}
  int m_value;
};
%}

The returned objects can be used naturally from the target language, e.g. from C#:

Klass k = Klass.Create(17);
int value = k.getValue();

9.5 Utility Libraries

9.5.1 exception.i

The exception.i library provides a language-independent function for raising a run-time exception in the target language. This library is largely used by the SWIG library writers. If possible, use the error handling scheme available to your target language as there is greater flexibility in what errors/exceptions can be thrown.

SWIG_exception(int code, const char *message)

SWIG_MemoryError
SWIG_IOError
SWIG_RuntimeError
SWIG_IndexError
SWIG_TypeError
SWIG_DivisionByZero
SWIG_OverflowError
SWIG_SyntaxError
SWIG_ValueError
SWIG_SystemError

The primary use of this module is in writing language-independent exception handlers. For example:

%include "exception.i"
%exception std::vector::getitem {
    try {
        $action
    } catch (std::out_of_range& e) {
        SWIG_exception(SWIG_IndexError,const_cast<char*>(e.what()));
    }
}